Image: https://cdn.whensthebirthday.com/gallery/2017/1/ali-stroker/en-esta-foto-ali-stroker-tv-personalidad-ali-stroker-asiste.jpg
Ali Stroker
professions.stage-actress de Estados Unidos
Image: https://cdn.whensthebirthday.com/gallery/2017/1/ali-stroker/en-esta-foto-ali-stroker-tv-personalidad-ali-stroker-asiste.jpg
professions.stage-actress de Estados Unidos